文章摘要：典型的作文開頭引述方法Type1引述他人觀點(為提出自己觀點鋪墊)[1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT[2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/Np[3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is Np/to DO[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)[5] people(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT[6] people are willing to regard Np1 as Np2/ADJ[7] people are willing to DO,while reluctant to DOType2提出異議[1] However (But),。

Type1引述他人觀點(為提出自己觀點鋪墊)

[1] It is widely(commonly) accepted(hold)+THAT

[2] A widely accepted(commonly) hold idea(point of view,viewpoint, opinion,assumption)is +THAT/Np

[3] A/The dominant(prevalent, prevailing)idea(see [2])is Np/to DO

[4] It is taken for granted+THAT(or:We often/frequently take it for granted THAT)

[5] people(The majority) seem to get accustomed to the idea(see [2]),without questioning,THAT

[6] people are willing to regard Np1 as Np2/ADJ

[7] people are willing to DO,while reluctant to DO

Type2提出異議

[1] However (But),...

[2] Such idea(see[1-2]),if not entirely ADJ1,is somewhat ADJ2 and needs careful consideration.

ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable, inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul, etc

[3] In fact(As a matter of fact),...(follow[2])

[4] However, it is not (quite, necessarily)the case.

[5] This (It) is not (quite, necessarily) the case and needs to bo fruther considered/discussed.(or:further consideration/discussion)

Type3論述的展開：說明原因和理由，層進，舉例，轉(zhuǎn)折

[1] The reason lies in several aspects,

[2] The reason why+clause+[1, underlined]

[4] 層進in addition, besides, fruthermore, what’s more, on the other hand, meanwhile, for one thing...for another; finally, above all, in short.

[5] 舉例for example, for instance, such (general term) as (specific terms),a typical (striking) example is that, a case in point

[6] 轉(zhuǎn)折however, but, nevertheless,on the contrary

[7] 條件if , provided that, unless, as long as,etc

Type4 就...而言;關(guān)于

[1] as far as ...is/are concemed: As far as current situation is concerned

[2] as t the problem as to Np有關(guān)...的問題

Type5問題

[1] Although much effort has been made, the situation is far from satisfactory (or: the problem remains unsolved, little improvement has been achieved)

[2] There is a tendency, as recent study (investigation) has pointed out (shown, revealed, indicated),+THAT

[3] There is growing concern about +Np

[4] It will inevitably (is likely to )result in (lead to ) unwanted (serious) consequence (or Np)

[5] Unfortunately,...

[6] We will not be able to afford the risk of overlooking the seriousness of the matter.

[7] The process, once initiated, is most likely irreversible.

[8] We are constantly (frequently) faced with Np

TYpE6重要與必要;(應(yīng))注意與重視

[1] Np1 is of great importance (necessity, value) in Np2 (or: Np is of enormous significance)

[2] The importance (necessity) of Np (to do sth.) lies in (the fact) that...

[3] Np1 plays, as is known, an irreplaceably important role in Np2

[4] The irreplaceably important role Np1 plays in Np2 is significant (obvous)

[5] Np1 is an indispensable part of Np2

[6] It is important (necessary) to DO (or:THAT)

[7] Special attention should be pay to ...(or: We should pay special attention to...)

[8] What we should take into consideration is +Np

Type7行動

[1](immediate, emergent, effective) Measures are being taken (has been

taken, should be taken) to DO

[3] We have made much effort, there is still more we need to make (cf. We have learnt a lot, there is much more we need to lea123)

Type8二擇其一

[1] If it were left for me to decide whether (wh-clause),I would, without hesitation, choose+to DO (or: I would prefer the former/the latter)

[2] To DO/Np is a matter of prerence.

[3] It is difficult to make a choice for one can hardly gain most without losing any.

[4] The difficulty lies in the fact that the advantages and disadvantages of both cases are equally obvious.

[5] In fact, we may well preserve a delicate balance or compromise between the two than go to extreme.

[6] It is not sensible to exclude one of the choices completely

[7] (of two conflicting ideas, concepts) Though conflicting to one another, they are so closely associated that understanding one will be impossible without discussing the other.

[8] The benefits of Np are varied...

[9]While disadvantages are unavoidable, it is the advantages that prevail.